Keywords
Enzymatic
Fermentation
Temperature
Time
How to Cite
Abstract
Background: Indonesia is a major exporter of virgin coconut oil (VCO), but global demand surpasses production. Optimizing extraction processes is crucial. Knowledge gap: While various extraction methods exist, the effect of specific parameters on VCO quality and yield needs systematic analysis. Aim: This review evaluates extraction methods to optimize VCO production, focusing on enzymatic and microbial fermentation. Results: From eight articles, enzymatic fermentation using alcalase at 60°C for 1.5 hours produced high-quality VCO (free fatty acids 0.19%, water content 0.04%, peroxide value 8.28 meq/kg) with the highest yield (98.25%). Microbial fermentation, though longer, also yielded good quality. Novelty: Alcalase enzymatic fermentation is more efficient than microbial methods. Implications: These findings can guide industrial optimization of VCO production to meet SNI 7381:2022 standards.
Highlights:
- Enzymatic fermentation with alcalase at 60°C for 1.5 hours yields the highest VCO quality and yield.
- Microbial fermentation, while effective, requires longer extraction times for similar results.
- Optimal temperature and time significantly influence the quality and yield of VCO, meeting SNI 7381:2022 standards.
Keywords: Correlation, Enzymatic, Fermentation, Temperature, Time
References
R. K. Agarwal and S. J. D. Bosco, "Extraction Processes of Virgin Coconut Oil," MOJ Food Processing & Technology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 87-89, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.15406/mojfpt.2017.04.00087.
Andhika, "Daya Saing Ekspor Produk Kelapa Indonesia dan Determinan yang Memengaruhinya di Negara Tujuan," M.S. thesis, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia, 2022.
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik), "Luas Areal Tanaman Perkebunan Menurut Jenis Tanaman Menurut Provinsi (Ribu Ha)," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.bps.go.id/indikator/indikator/view_data_pub/0000/api_pub/OHpDcnRSSHlqM29XRmROaUtQUHdoQT09/da_05/1. [Accessed: Oct. 2023].
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik), "Produksi Perkebunan Menurut Jenis Tanaman Menurut Provinsi (Ribu Ton) 2020," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.bps.go.id/indikator/indikator/view_data_pub/0000/api_pub/elJzMTFDZWI0bS9OcGptMVFWNEdhdz09/da_05/1. [Accessed: Nov. 2023].
BSN (Badan Standardisasi Nasional), "SNI Nomor 7381:2022 tentang Minyak Kelapa Virgin (Virgin Coconut Oil)," 2022.
Cahyani, A. I. N. Tari, and N. W. Asmoro, "Pengaruh Waktu Fermentasi terhadap Rendemen dan Sifat Fisikokimia VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil)," Pro Food (Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan), vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 852-858, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.29303/profood.v7i1.188.
E. Choe and B. M. David, "Mechanism and Factors for Edible Oil Oxidation," Food Science and Food Safety, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 169-186, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2006.00009.x.
J. A. V. Famurewa, K. F. Jaiyeoba, C. A. Ogunlade, and O. B. Ayeni, "Effect of Extraction Methods on Yield and Some Quality Characteristics of Coconut (Cocos Nucifera L) Oil," Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 251-260, 2021.
N. A. A. Ghani, A. A. Channip, P. C. H. Hwa, F. Ja’afar, H. M. Yasin, and A. Usman, "Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Capacities, and Metal Contents of Virgin Coconut Oil Produced by Wet and Dry Processes," Food Science & Nutrition, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1298-1306, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.671.
Y. C. C. Kusuma, I. D. G. M. Permana, and P. T. Ina, "Pengaruh Jenis Ragi dan Lama Fermentasi terhadap Karakteristik Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)," Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 74-82, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2022.v11.i01.p08.
N. K. Mohammed, Z. T. Samir, M. A. Jassim, and S. K. Saeed, "Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity, of Virgin Coconut Oil," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 2000-2005, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.248.
M. Nurminah, L. M. Lubis, and R. M. Munthe, "Comparison of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Quality with Fermentation and Centrifugation Methods from Genjah and Hybrid Variety of Coconut Based on Indonesian Local Environment Resources," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 1241, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1241/1/012090.
N. T. Oseni, W. M. A. D. B. Fernando, R. Coorey, I. Gold, and V. Jayasena, "Effect of Extraction Techniques on the Quality of Coconut Oil," African Journal of Food Science, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 58-66, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2016.1493.
U. Patil and S. Benjakul, "Uses of Protease from Seabass Pyloric Caeca in Combination with Repeated Freeze-thawing Cycles Increases the Production Efficiency of Virgin Coconut Oil," European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology, vol. 121, pp. 1-9, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201800460.
M. Pautasso, "Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review," PLoS Computational Biology, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 7-10, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003149.
S. R. Sabbila and R. T. D. W. Broto, "Utilization of Papain Enzymes on the Production of Virgin Coconut Oil," Journal of Vocational Studies on Applied Research, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 47-52, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jvsar.v4i2.16036.
T. Senphan and S. Benjakul, "Compositions and Yields of Lipids Extracted from Hepatopancreas of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamel) as Affected by Prior Autolysis," Food Chemistry, vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 829-835, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.188.
T. Senphan and S. Benjakul, "Chemical Compositions and Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil Extracted Using Protease from Hepatopancreas of Pacific White Shrimp," European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology, vol. 118, no. 5, pp. 761-769, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400655.
T. Senphan and S. Benjakul, "Comparative Study on Virgin Coconut Oil Extraction Using Protease from Hepatopancreas of Pacific White Shrimp and Alcalase," Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.12771.
P. P. Soo, Y. Ali, O. M. Lai, C. H. Kuan, T. K. Tang, Y. Y. Lee, and E. T. Phuah, "Enzymatic and Mechanical Extraction of Virgin Coconut Oil," European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 1-13, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201900220.
J. Towaha, G. Indriati, and R. Rusli, "Komponen Buah dan Fitokimia Daging Buah Kelapa Genjah," Agrin, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 23-34, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.agrin.2008.12.1.76.
Trademap, "List of Exported Products for the Selected Products," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://trademap.org. [Accessed: Mar. 2023].
UN Comtrade, "UN Comtrade Database," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://comtradeplus.un.org. [Accessed: Oct. 2023].
M. Wojcik and J. Milek, "A New Method to Determine Optimum Temperature and Activation Energies for Enzymatic Reactions," Bioprocess and Biosystem Engineering, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 1319-1323, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-016-1596-7.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.